Resolve the flavor puzzle: origin of fermion mass hierarchies and mixing patterns

Determine a fundamental mechanism within or beyond the Standard Model that explains why the masses of each type of charged fermion (up quarks, down quarks, and charged leptons) are highly hierarchical and why the quark and lepton mixing patterns differ significantly, thereby resolving the flavor puzzle.

Background

The paper motivates its study by highlighting the longstanding flavor puzzle: the Standard Model accommodates observed fermion masses and mixings but lacks an explanation for the pronounced hierarchies among charged fermion masses and the stark differences between quark and lepton mixing patterns.

The work explores flavor deconstruction—specifically extending tri-hypercharge—to address challenges in the lepton sector, aiming to replace anarchy with structured patterns via sequential dominance. This research is framed as progress toward, but not a complete resolution of, the broader open problem of explaining the origin of fermion mass hierarchies and mixing structures.