A nonlinear theory of the parallel firehose and gyrothermal instabilities in a weakly collisional plasma

Abstract: Weakly collisional plasmas dynamically develop pressure anisotropies with respect to the magnetic field. These anisotropies trigger plasma instabilities at scales just above the ion Larmor radius \rho_i and much below the mean free path \lambda_{mfp}. They have growth rates of a fraction of the ion cyclotron frequency - much faster than either the global dynamics or local turbulence. The instabilities dramatically modify the transport properties and, therefore, the macroscopic dynamics of the plasma. Their nonlinear evolution drives pressure anisotropies towards marginal stability, controlled by the plasma beta \beta_i. Here this nonlinear evolution is worked out for the simplest analytically tractable example - the parallel firehose instability. In the nonlinear regime, both analytical theory and the numerical solution predict secular growth of magnetic fluctuations. They develop a k^{-3} spectrum, extending from scales somewhat larger than \rho_i to the maximum scale that grows secularly with time (~t^{1/2}); the relative pressure anisotropy (\pperp-\ppar)/\ppar tends to the marginal value -2/\beta_i. The marginal state is achieved via changes in the magnetic field, not particle scattering. When a parallel ion heat flux is present, the firehose mutates into the new gyrothermal instability (GTI), which continues to exist up to firehose-stable values of pressure anisotropy, which can be positive and are limited by the heat flux. The nonlinear evolution of the GTI also features secular growth of magnetic fluctuations, but the spectrum is eventually dominated by modes around the scale ~\rho_i l_T/\lambda_{mfp}, where l_T is the scale of the parallel temperature variation. Implications for momentum and heat transport are speculated about. This study is motivated by the dynamics of galaxy cluster plasmas.