Root systems and diagram calculus. III. Semi-Coxeter orbits of linkage diagrams and the Carter theorem

Abstract: A diagram obtained from the Carter diagram $\Gamma$ by adding one root together with its bonds such that the resulting subset of roots is linearly independent is said to be the {\it linkage diagram}. Given a linkage diagram, we associate the linkage labels vector, which is introduced like the vector of Dynkin labels. Similarly to the dual Weyl group, we introduce the group $W^{\vee}_L$ associated with $\Gamma$, and we call it the dual partial Weyl group. The linkage labels vectors connected under the action of $W^{\vee}_L$ constitute the linkage system $\mathscr{L}(\Gamma)$, which is similar to the weight system arising in the representation theory of the semisimple Lie algebras. The Carter theorem states that every element of a Weyl group $W$ is expressible as the product of two involutions. We give the proof of this theorem based on the description of the linkage system $\mathscr{L}(\Gamma)$ and semi-Coxeter orbits of linkage labels vectors for any Carter diagram $\Gamma$. The main idea of the proof is based on the fact that, with a few exceptions, in each semi-Coxeter orbit there is a special linkage diagram -- called {\it unicolored}, for which the decomposition into the product of two involutions is trivial.