Study of Hadrons Using the Gaussian Functional Method in the O(4) Linear $σ$ Model

Abstract: We study properties of hadrons in the O(4) linear $\sigma$ model, where we take into account fluctuations of mesons around their mean field values using the Gaussian functional (GF) method. In the GF method we calculate dressed $\sigma$ and $\pi$ masses, where we include the effect of fluctuations of mesons to find a better ground state wave function than the mean field approximation. Then we solve the Bethe-Salpeter equations and calculate physical $\sigma$ and $\pi$ masses. We recover the Nambu-Goldstone theorem for the physical pion mass to be zero in the chiral limit. The $\sigma$ meson is a strongly correlated meson-meson state, and has a 4 quark structure. We calculate $\sigma$ and $\pi$ masses as functions of temperature for the two cases of chiral limit and explicit chiral symmetry breaking. We get similar behaviors for the $\sigma$ and $\pi$ masses as the case of the mean field approximation, but the coupling constants are much larger than the values of the case of the mean field approximation.