Strong forms of linearization for Hopf monoids in species

Abstract: A vector species is a functor from the category of finite sets with bijections to vector spaces; informally, one can view this as a sequence of $S_n$-modules. A Hopf monoid (in the category of vector species) consists of a vector species with unit, counit, product, and coproduct morphisms satisfying several compatibility conditions, analogous to a graded Hopf algebra. We say that a Hopf monoid is strongly linearized if it has a "basis" preserved by its product and coproduct in a certain sense. We prove several equivalent characterizations of this property, and show that any strongly linearized Hopf monoid which is commutative and cocommutative possesses four bases which one can view as analogues of the classical bases of the algebra of symmetric functions. There are natural functors which turn Hopf monoids into graded Hopf algebras, and applying these functors to strongly linearized Hopf monoids produces several notable families of Hopf algebras. For example, in this way we give a simple unified construction of the Hopf algebras of superclass functions attached to the maximal unipotent subgroups of three families of classical Chevalley groups.