The Darkest Shadows: Deep Mid-Infrared Extinction Mapping of a Massive Protocluster

Abstract: We use deep $8:\mu m$ Spitzer-IRAC imaging of a massive Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G028.37+00.07 to construct a Mid-Infrared (MIR) extinction map that probes mass surface densities up to $\Sigma:\sim 1:\rm{g~cm^{-2}}$ ($A_V\sim200:$mag), amongst the highest values yet probed by extinction mapping. Merging with a NIR extinction map of the region, creates a high dynamic range map that reveals structures down to $A_V\sim1:$mag. We utilize the map to: (1) Measure a cloud mass $\sim7\times10^4:M_\odot$ within a radius of $\sim8:$pc. $^{13}$CO kinematics indicate that the cloud is gravitationally bound. It thus has the potential to form one of the most massive young star clusters known in the Galaxy. (2) Characterize the structures of 16 massive cores within the IRDC, finding they can be fit by singular polytropic spheres with $\rho\propto{r}^{-k_\rho}$ and $k_\rho=1.3\pm0.3$. They have $\overline{\Sigma}\simeq0.1-0.4:\rm{g~cm^{-2}}$ --- relatively low values that, along with their measured cold temperatures, suggest magnetic fields, rather than accretion-powered radiative heating, are important for controlling fragmentation of these cores. (3) Determine the $\Sigma$ (equivalently column density or $A_V$) probability distribution function (PDF) for a region that is near complete for $A_V>3:$mag. The PDF is well fit by a single log-normal with mean $\overline{A}_V\simeq9:$mag, high compared to other known clouds. It does not exhibit a separate high-end power law tail, which has been claimed to indicate the importance of self-gravity. However, we suggest that the PDF does result from a self-similar, self-gravitating hierarchy of structure being present over a wide range of scales in the cloud.