Bose-Einstein condensation of photons with nonlocal nonlinearity in a dye-doped graded-index microcavity

Abstract: We consider a microcavity made by a graded-index (GRIN) glass, doped by dye molecules, placed within two planar mirrors and study Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of photons. The presence of the mirrors leads to an effective photon mass, and the index grading provides an effective trapping frequency; the photon gas becomes formally equivalent to a two dimensional Bose gas trapped in an isotropic harmonic potential. The inclusion of nonlinear effects provides an effective interaction between photons. We discuss, in particular, thermal lensing effects and nonlocal nonlinearity, and quantitatively compare our results with the reported experimental data.