Symmetry breaking of solitons in one-dimensional parity-time-symmetric optical potentials

Abstract: Symmetry breaking of solitons in a class of one-dimensional parity-time (PT) symmetric complex potentials with cubic nonlinearity is reported. In generic PT-symmetric potentials, such symmetry breaking is forbidden. However, in a special class of PT-symmetric potentials $V(x)=g^2(x)+\alpha g(x)+ i g'(x)$, where $g(x)$ is a real and even function and $\alpha$ a real constant, symmetry breaking of solitons can occur. That is, a branch of non-PT-symmetric solitons can bifurcate out from the base branch of PT-symmetric solitons when the base branch's power reaches a certain threshold. At the bifurcation point, the base branch changes stability, and the bifurcated branch can be stable.