Many-body localization in disorder-free systems: the importance of finite-size constraints

Abstract: Recently it has been suggested that many-body localization (MBL) can occur in translation-invariant systems, and candidate 1D models have been proposed. We find that such models, in contrast to MBL systems with quenched disorder, typically exhibit much more severe finite-size effects due to the presence of two or more vastly different energy scales. In a finite system, this can easily create an artificial splitting of the density of states (DOS) into bands separated by large energy gaps. We argue that in order for such models to faithfully represent the physics of the thermodynamic limit, the ratio of the relevant coupling parameters must be larger than a certain cutoff that depends on system size, and should be chosen in such a way that various bands in the DOS of a given model overlap with one another. By setting the parameters in this way to minimize the finite-size effects, we then perform exact diagonalization studies of several translation-invariant MBL candidate models. Based on the variety of diagnostics, including entanglement properties and the behaviour of local observables, we find the systems exhibit thermal (ergodic), rather than MBL-like behaviour. Our results suggest that MBL in translation-invariant systems with two or more very different energy scales is less robust than perturbative arguments suggest, possibly pointing to the importance of non-perturbative effects which induce delocalization in the thermodynamic limit.