Arithmetic properties of the Frobenius traces defined by a rational abelian variety (with two appendices by J-P. Serre)

Abstract: Let $A$ be an abelian variety over $\mathbb{Q}$ of dimension $g$ such that the image of its associated absolute Galois representation $\rho_A$ is open in $\operatorname{GSp}{2g}(\hat{\mathbb{Z}})$. We investigate the arithmetic of the traces $a{1, p}$ of the Frobenius at $p$ in $\operatorname{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})$ under $\rho_A$, modulo varying primes $p$. In particular, we obtain upper bounds for the counting function $#{p \leq x: a_{1, p} = t}$ and we prove an Erd\"os-Kac type theorem for the number of prime factors of $a_{1, p}$. We also formulate a conjecture about the asymptotic behaviour of $#{p \leq x: a_{1, p} = t}$, which generalizes a well-known conjecture of S. Lang and H. Trotter from 1976 about elliptic curves.