The onset of instability in first-order systems

Abstract: We study the Cauchy problem for first-order quasi-linear systems of partial differential equations. When the spectrum of the initial principal symbol is not included in the real line, i.e., when hyperbolicity is violated at initial time, then the Cauchy problem is strongly unstable, in the sense of Hadamard. This phenomenon, which extends the linear Lax-Mizohata theorem, was explained by G. M\'etivier in [{\it Remarks on the well-posedness of the nonlinear Cauchy problem}, Contemp.~Math.~2005]. In the present paper, we are interested in the transition from hyperbolicity to non-hyperbolicity, that is the limiting case where hyperbolicity holds at initial time, but is violated at positive times: under such an hypothesis, we generalize a recent work by N. Lerner, Y. Morimoto and C.-J. Xu [{\it Instability of the Cauchy-Kovalevskaya solution for a class of non-linear systems}, American J.~Math.~2010] on complex scalar systems, as we prove that even a weak defect of hyperbolicity implies a strong Hadamard instability. Our examples include Burgers systems, Van der Waals gas dynamics, and Klein-Gordon-Zakharov systems. Our analysis relies on an approximation result for pseudo-differential flows, introduced by B.~Texier in [{\it Approximations of pseudo-differential flows}, Indiana Univ. Math. J.~2016].