Rydberg blockade with multivalent atoms: engineering van der Waals interactions

Abstract: We investigate the effect of series perturbation on the second order dipole-dipole interactions between strontium atoms in the $5sns({^1}S_0)$ and $5snp({^1}P_1)$ Rydberg states as a means of engineering long-range interactions between atoms. The series perturbation in these atoms enables modifying the strength and the sign of the interaction by varying the principal quantum number $n$ of the Rydberg electron. We utilize experimentally available data to estimate the importance of perturber states, and find that van der Waals interaction between two strontium atoms in the $5snp({^1}P_1)$ states shows strong peaks outside the anticipated hydrogenic $n^{11}$ scaling. We identify this to be the result of the perturbation of $5snd({^1}D_2)$ intermediate states by the $4d^2({^1}D_2)$ and $4dn's({^1}D_2)$ states in the $n<20$ range. This demonstrates that divalent atoms offer a unique advantage for generating substantially stronger or weaker inter-atomic interactions than those that can be achieved using alkali metal atoms. This is due to the highly perturbed spectra of divalent atoms and other multivalent atoms that can persist up to high $n$. Such irregularities can be especially useful in engineering asymmetric Ry blockade requiring simultaneous presence of both "weak" and "strong" interactions.