The Spectral Norm of Random Inner-Product Kernel Matrices

Abstract: We study an "inner-product kernel" random matrix model, whose empirical spectral distribution was shown by Xiuyuan Cheng and Amit Singer to converge to a deterministic measure in the large $n$ and $p$ limit. We provide an interpretation of this limit measure as the additive free convolution of a semicircle law and a Marcenko-Pastur law. By comparing the tracial moments of this random matrix to those of a deformed GUE matrix with the same limiting spectrum, we establish that for odd kernel functions, the spectral norm of this matrix convergences almost surely to the edge of the limiting spectrum. Our study is motivated by the analysis of a covariance thresholding procedure for the statistical detection and estimation of sparse principal components, and our results characterize the limit of the largest eigenvalue of the thresholded sample covariance matrix in the null setting.