Classical invariant theory for free metabelian Lie algebras

Abstract: Let $KX_d$ be a vector space with basis $X_d={x_1,\ldots,x_d}$ over a field $K$ of characteristic 0. One of the main topics of classical invariant theory is the study of the algebra of invariants $K[X_d]^{SL_2(K)}$, where $KX_d$ is a module of the special linear group $SL_2(K)$ isomorphic to a direct sum $V_{k_1}\oplus\cdots\oplus V_{k_r}$ and $V_k$ is the $SL_2(K)$-module of binary forms of degree $k$. Noncommutative invariant theory deals with the algebra of invariants $F_d({\mathfrak V})^G$ of the group $G<GL_d(K)$ acting on the relatively free algebra $F_d({\mathfrak V})$ of a variety of $K$-algebras $\mathfrak V$. In this paper we consider the free metabelian Lie algebra $F_d({\mathfrak A}^2)$ which is the relatively free algebra in the variety ${\mathfrak A}^2$ of metabelian (solvable of class 2) Lie algebras. We study the algebra $F_d({\mathfrak A}^2)^{SL_2(K)}$ of $SL_2(K)$-invariants of $F_d({\mathfrak A}^2)$. We describe the cases when this algebra is finitely generated. This happens if and only if $KX_d\cong V_1\oplus V_0\oplus\cdots\oplus V_0$ or $KX_d\cong V_2$ as an $SL_2(K)$-module (and in the trivial case $KX_d\cong V_0\oplus\cdots\oplus V_0$). For small $d$ we give a list of generators even when $F_d({\mathfrak A}^2)^{SL_2(K)}$ is not finitely generated. The methods for establishing that the algebra $F_d({\mathfrak A}^2)^{SL_2(K)}$ is not finitely generated work also for other relatively free algebras $F_d({\mathfrak V})$ and for other groups $G$.