Witnesses of causal nonseparability: an introduction and a few case studies

Abstract: It was recently realised that quantum theory allows for so-called causally nonseparable processes, which are incompatible with any definite causal order. This was first suggested on a rather abstract level by the formalism of process matrices, which only assumes that quantum theory holds locally in some observers' laboratories, but does not impose a global causal structure; it was then shown, on a more practical level, that the quantum switch---a new resource for quantum computation that goes beyond causally ordered circuits---provided precisely a physical example of a causally nonseparable process. To demonstrate that a given process is causally nonseparable, we introduced in [Ara\'ujo et al., New J. Phys. 17, 102001 (2015)] the concept of witnesses of causal nonseparability. Here we present a shorter introduction to this concept, and concentrate on some explicit examples to show how to construct and use such witnesses in practice.