Violation of the action-reaction principle in an asymmetrically excited system

Abstract: Violation of the action-reaction principle is shown to occur in the van der Waals interaction between two atoms, one of which is excited. It is accompanied by the transfer of linear momentum to the electromagnetic vacuum. The vacuum momentum results from the asymmetric interference of the virtual photons scattered off each atom along the interatomic direction, which is in itself a manifestation of the optical theorem. This momentum, of equal strength and opposite direction to the momentum gained by the two-atom system, is ultimately released through directional spontaneous emission. A quantitative prediction of this phenomenon is made in a two-alkali atom system. It is conjectured that action-reaction violation takes place in any asymmetrically excited system.