Ionizing spectra of stars that lose their envelope through interaction with a binary companion: role of metallicity

Abstract: Understanding ionizing fluxes of stellar populations is crucial for various astrophysical problems including the epoch of reionization. Massive short-lived Wolf-Rayet stars are generally considered as the main ionizing sources. We examine the role of less massive stars that lose their envelope through interaction with a companion. We use the evolutionary code MESA and the radiative transfer code CMFGEN to investigate stripped stars as a function of metallicity (Z). We show that typical progenitors, initially 12$M_{\odot}$, produce hot and compact stars (~4$M_{\odot}$, 60-80 kK, ~1$R_{\odot}$) that copiously produce ionizing photons, emitting 60-85% and 30-60% of their energy as HI and HeI ionizing radiation, for Z=0.0001-0.02. This is comparable to a typical massive Wolf-Rayet star, when accounting for their longer lifetimes and the favoring initial mass function. Stripped stars further emit their ionizing photons with a delay (~20Myrs after star formation for this progenitor), allowing time for stellar feedback to disperse the birth clouds. This increases the fraction that can escape and contribute to ionization of the intergalactic medium. We further find that Roche stripping fails to fully remove the H-rich envelope at low Z. This questions the common treatment of stripped stars in rapid population synthesis simulations as pure helium stars. We expect implications for the rate of type Ib/c supernova at low Z and for the advanced evolutionary channels for type Ia supernova and gravitational wave sources. We discuss how the characteristic spectral features of stripped stars can be used to increase the observed sample, which is urgently needed to test the models.