Landau's criterion for an anisotropic Bose-Einstein condensate

Abstract: In this work, we discuss the Landau's criterion for anisotropic superfluidity. To this end, we consider a point-like impurity moving in a uniform Bose-Einstein condensate with either interparticle dipole-dipole interaction or Raman induced spin-orbit coupling. In both cases, we find that the Landau critical velocity $v_{\rm c}$ is generally smaller than the sound velocity in the moving direction. Beyond $v_{\rm c}$, the energy dissipation rate is explicitly calculated via a perturbation approach. In the plane-wave phase of a spin-orbit coupled Bose gas, the dissipationless motion is suppressed by the Raman coupling even in the direction orthogonal to the recoil momentum. Our predictions can be tested in the experiments with ultracold atoms.