Fundamental Theories and Epistemic Shifts: Can History of Science Serve as a Guide?

Abstract: The present discussion concerning certain fundamental physical theories (such as string theory and multiverse cosmology) has reopened the demarcation problem between science and non-science. While parts of the physics community see the situation as a beginning epistemic shift in what defines science, others deny that the traditional criterion of empirical testability can or should be changed. As demonstrated by the history of physics, it is not the first time that drastic revisions of theory assessment have been proposed. Although historical reflection has little to offer modern physicists in a technical sense, it does offer a broader and more nuanced perspective on the present debate. This paper suggests that history of science is of some indirect value to modern physicists and philosophers dealing with string theory, multiverse scenarios, and related theoretical ideas.