Symmetry analysis of strain, electric and magnetic fields in the $\text{Bi}_2\text{Se}_3$-class of topological insulators

Abstract: Based on group theoretical arguments we derive the most general Hamiltonian for the $\text{Bi}_2\text{Se}_3$-class of materials including terms to third order in the wave vector, first order in electric and magnetic fields, first order in strain and first order in both strain and wave vector. We determine analytically the effects of strain on the electronic structure of $\text{Bi}_2\text{Se}_3$. For the most experimentally relevant surface termination we analytically derive the surface state spectrum, revealing an anisotropic Dirac cone with elliptical constant energy counturs giving rise to different velocities in different in-plane directions. The spin-momentum locking of strained $\text{Bi}_2\text{Se}_3$ is shown to be modified and for some strain configurations we see a non-zero spin component perpendicular to the surface. Hence, strain control can be used to manipulate the spin degree of freedom via the spin-orbit coupling. We show that for a thin film of $\text{Bi}_2\text{Se}_3$ the surface state band gap induced by coupling between the opposite surfaces changes opposite to the bulk band gap under strain. Tuning the surface state band gap by strain, gives new possibilities for the experimental investigation of the thickness dependent gap and optimization of optical properties relevant for, e.g., photodetector and energy harvesting applications. We finally derive analytical expressions for the effective mass tensor of the Bi$_2$Se$_3$ class of materials as a function of strain and electric field.