Instability of the standing waves for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations in one dimension

Abstract: In this paper, we consider the following nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation \begin{align*} \partial_{tt}u-\Delta u+u=|u|^{p-1}u,\qquad t\in \mathbb{R},\ x\in \mathbb{R}^d, \end{align*} with $1<p< 1+\frac{4}{d}$. The equation has the standing wave solutions $u_\omega=e^{i\omega t}\phi_{\omega}$ with the frequency $\omega\in(-1,1)$, where $\phi_{\omega}$ obeys \begin{align*} -\Delta \phi+(1-\omega^2)\phi-\phi^p=0. \end{align*} It was proved by Shatah (1983), and Shatah, Strauss (1985) that there exists a critical frequency $\omega_c\in (0,1)$ such that the standing waves solution $u_\omega$ is orbitally stable when $\omega_c<|\omega|<1$, and orbitally unstable when $|\omega|<\omega_c$. Further, the critical case $|\omega|=\omega_c$ in the high dimension $d\ge 2$ was considered by Ohta, Todorova (2007), who proved that it is strongly unstable, by using the virial identities and the radial Sobolev inequality. The one dimension problem was left after then. In this paper, we consider the one-dimension problem and prove that it is orbitally unstable when $|\omega|=\omega_c$.