Hadron tomography by generalized distribution amplitudes in pion-pair production process $γ^* γ\rightarrow π^0 π^0 $ and gravitational form factors for pion

Abstract: Hadron tomography can be investigated by three-dimensional structure functions such as generalized parton distributions (GPDs), transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions, and generalized distribution amplitudes (GDAs). Here, we extract the GDAs, which are $s$-$t$ crossed quantities of the GPDs, from cross-section measurements of hadron-pair production process $\gamma^* \gamma \rightarrow \pi^0 \pi^0$ at KEKB. This work is the first attempt to obtain the GDAs from the actual experimental data. The GDAs are expressed by a number of parameters and they are determined from the data of $\gamma^* \gamma \rightarrow \pi^0 \pi^0$ by including intermediate scalar- and tensor-meson contributions to the cross section. Our results indicate that the dependence of parton-momentum fraction $z$ in the GDAs is close to the asymptotic one. The timelike gravitational form factors $\Theta_1$ and $\Theta_2$ are obtained from our GDAs, and they are converted to the spacelike ones by the dispersion relation.From the spacelike $\Theta_1$ and $\Theta_2$, gravitational densities of the pion are calculated. Then, we obtained the mass (energy) radius and the mechanical (pressure and shear force) radius from $\Theta_2$ and $\Theta_1$, respectively. They are calculated as $\sqrt {\langle r^2 \rangle _{\text{mass}}} =0.32 \sim 0.39$ fm, whereas the mechanical radius is larger $\sqrt {\langle r^2 \rangle _{\text{mech}}} =0.82 \sim 0.88$ fm. This is the first report on the gravitational radius of a hadron from actual experimental measurements. It is interesting to find the possibility that the gravitational mass and mechanical radii could be different from the experimental charge radius $\sqrt {\langle r^2 \rangle _{\text{charge}}} =0.672 \pm 0.008$ fm for the charged pion.