Computing the Cumulative Distribution Function and Quantiles of the limit of the Two-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic

Abstract: The cumulative distribution and quantile functions for the two-sided one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov probability distributions are used for goodness-of-fit testing. The CDF is notoriously difficult to explicitly describe and to compute, and for large sample size use of the limiting distribution is an attractive alternative, with its lower computational requirements. No closed form solution for the computation of the quantiles is known. Computing the quantile function by a numeric root-finder for any specific probability may require multiple evaluations of both the CDF and its derivative. Approximations to both the CDF and its derivative can be used to reduce the computational demands. We show that the approximations in use inside the open source SciPy python software result in increased computation, not just reduced accuracy, and cause convergence failures in the root-finding. Then we provide alternate algorithms which restore accuracy and efficiency across the whole domain.