Dynamical formation and interaction-induced stabilization of dark condensates of dipolar excitons

Abstract: The formation of a dense Bose-Einstein condensate in dark spin states of two-dimensional dipolar excitons is shown to be driven by a dynamical transition to the long-lived dark states. The condensate is stabilized by strong dipole-dipole interactions up to densities high enough for a dark quantum liquid to form. The persistence of dark condensation was observed in recent experiments. A model describing the non-equilibrium dynamics of externally driven coupled dark and bright condensates reproduces the step-like dependence of the exciton density on the pump power or on temperature. This unique condensate dynamics demonstrates the possibility of observing new unexpected collective phenomena in coupled condensed Bose systems, where the particle number is not conserved.