The Nuclear Symmetry Energy at Sub-saturation Densities

Abstract: The density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy governs important aspects of very neutron rich systems such as heavy nuclei and their collisions, neutron stars and their mergers. Many analyses of experimental data have generated constraints on the symmetry energy and its first derivative at saturation density, rho_0 ~ 2.7xE14 g/cm3. We show that each analysis does not accurately constrain the symmetry energy at rho_0, but rather at a lower density, rho_s, that is most sensitively probed by that analysis. Using published constraints on the symmetry energy and its first derivative at rho_0, we constrain the symmetry energy within a density range of 0.25rho_0 to 0.75rho_0 that is relevant to the inner crusts of neutron stars and to the neutrino-sphere of core-collapse supernovae. With appropriate data, the symmetry energy can be similarly constrained over a wider density range.