Freezing-in dark matter through a heavy invisible $Z'$

Abstract: We demonstrate that in a class of the $U(1)'$ extension of the Standard Model (SM), under which all the Standard Model matter fields are uncharged and the additional neutral gauge boson $Z'$ couples to a set of heavy nonstandard fermions, dark matter (DM) production mediated by $Z'$ can proceed through the generation of generalized Chern-Simons (GCS) couplings. The origin of the GCS terms is intimately connected to the cancellation of gauge anomalies. We show that the DM production cross section triggered by GCS couplings is sufficient even for an intermediate scale $Z'$ . A large range of DM and Z masses is then allowed for reasonably high reheating temperature ($T_\rh \gtrsim 10^{10}~\text{GeV}$). This type of scenario opens up a new paradigm for unified models. We also study the UV completion of such effective field theory constructions, augmenting it by a heavy fermionic spectrum. The latter, when integrated out, generates the GCS-like terms and provides a new portal to the dark sector. The presence of a number of derivative couplings in the GCS-like operators induces a high temperature dependence to the DM production rate. The mechanism has novel consequences and leads to a new reheating dependence of the relic abundance.