Wrinkles and creases in the bending, unbending and eversion of soft sectors

Abstract: We study what is clearly one of the most common modes of deformation found in nature, science and engineering, namely the large elastic bending of curved structures, as well as its inverse, unbending, which can be brought beyond complete straightening to turn into eversion. We find that the suggested mathematical solution to these problems always exists and is unique when the solid is modelled as a homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible hyperelastic material with a strain-energy satisfying the strong ellipticity condition. We also provide explicit asympto-tic solutions for thin sectors. When the deformations are severe enough, the compressed side of the elastic material may buckle and wrinkles could then develop. We analyse in detail the onset of this instability for the Mooney-Rivlin strain energy, which covers the cases of the neo-Hookean model in exact non-linear elasticity and of third-order elastic materials in weakly non-linear elasticity. In particular the associated theoretical and numerical treatment allows us to predict the number and wavelength of the wrinkles. Guided by experimental observations we finally look at the development of creases, which we simulate through advanced finite element computations. In some cases the linearised analysis allows us to predict correctly the number and the wavelength of the creases, which turn out to occur only a few percent of strain earlier than the wrinkles.