Random sections of line bundles over real Riemann surfaces

Abstract: Let $\mathcal{L}$ be a positive line bundle over a Riemann surface $\Sigma$ defined over $\mathbb{R}$. We prove that sections $s$ of $\mathcal{L}^d$, $d\gg 0$, whose number of real zeros $#Z_s$ deviates from the expected one are rare. We also provide asymptotics of the form $\mathbb{E}[(#Z_s-\mathbb{E}[# Z_s])^k]=O(\sqrt{d}^{k-1-\alpha})$ and ${\mathbb{E}[#Z^k_s]=a_k\sqrt{d}^{k}+b_k\sqrt{d}^{k-1}+O(\sqrt{d}^{k-1-\alpha})}$ for all the (central) moments of the number of real zeros. Here, $\alpha$ is any number in $(0,1)$, and $a_k$ and $b_k$ are some explicit and positive constants.Finally, we obtain similar asymptotics for the distribution of complex zeros of random sections. Our proof involves Bergman kernel estimates as well as Olver multispaces.