Quantitative modeling of superconducting planar resonators with improved field homogeneity for electron spin resonance

Abstract: We present three designs for planar superconducting microwave resonators for electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments. We implement finite element simulations to calculate the resonance frequency and quality factors as well as the three-dimensional microwave magnetic field distribution of the resonators. One particular resonator design offers an increased homogeneity of the microwave magnetic field while the other two show a better confinement of the mode volume. We extend our model simulations to calculate the collective coupling rate between a spin ensemble and a microwave resonator in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic resonator field. Continuous-wave ESR experiments of phosphorus donors in $^\mathrm{nat}$Si demonstrate the feasibility of our resonators for magnetic resonance experiments. We extract the collective coupling rate and find a good agreement with our simulation results, corroborating our model approach. Finally, we discuss specific application cases for the different resonator designs.