Characterization of edge states in perturbed honeycomb structures

Abstract: This paper is a mathematical analysis of conduction effects at interfaces between insulators. Motivated by work of Haldane-Raghu , we continue the study of a linear PDE initiated in papers of Fefferman-Lee-Thorp-Weinstein. This PDE is induced by a continuous honeycomb Schrodinger operator with a line defect. This operator exhibits remarkable connections between topology and spectral theory. It has essential spectral gaps about the Dirac point energies of the honeycomb background. In a perturbative regime, Fefferman-Lee-Thorp-Weinstein construct edge states: time-harmonic waves propagating along the interface, localized transversely. At leading order, these edge states are adiabatic modulations of the Dirac point Bloch modes. Their envelops solve a Dirac equation that emerges from a multiscale procedure. We develop a scattering-oriented approach that derives all possible edge states, at arbitrary precision. The key component is a resolvent estimate connecting the Schrodinger operator to the emerging Dirac equation. We discuss topological implications via the computation of the spectral flow, or edge index.