Serre's constant of elliptic curves over the rationals

Abstract: Let $E$ be an elliptic curve without complex multiplication defined over the rationals. The purpose of this article is to define a positive integer $A(E)$, that we call the {\it Serre's constant associated to $E$}, that gives necessary conditions to conclude that $\rho_{E,m}$, the mod m Galois representation associated to $E$, is non-surjective. In particular, if there exists a prime factor $p$ of $m$ satisfying ${\rm val}p(m) > {\rm val}_p(A(E))>0$ then $\rho{E,m}$ is non-surjective. {Conditionally under Serre's Uniformity Conjecture, w}e determine all the Serre's constants of elliptic curves without complex multiplication over the rationals that occur infinitely often. Moreover, we give all the possible combination of mod $p$ Galois representations that occur for infinitely many non-isomorphic classes of non-CM elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$, and the known cases that appear only finitely. We obtain similar results for the possible combination of maximal non-surjective subgroups of ${\rm GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}_p)$. Finally, we conjecture all the possibilities of these combinations and in particular all the possibilities of these Serre's constant.