Calculus on parameterized quantum circuits

Abstract: Mitarai, Negoro, Kitagawa, and Fujii proposed a type of parameterized quantum circuits, for which they gave a way to estimate derivatives wrt the parameters using only changes in the values of the parameters, not in the circuit itself, i.e., no ancillas or controlled operations. Recently, Schuld et al. have extended the results, but they need to revert to ancillas and controlled operations for some cases. In this note, we extend the types of MiNKiF circuits for which derivatives can be computed without ancillas or controlled operations --- at the cost of a larger number of evaluation points. We also propose a "training" (i.e., optimizing the parameters) which takes advantage of our approach.