Laser-induced ablation of metal in liquid

Abstract: Laser ablation in liquid (LAL) is important perspective way to compose nanoparticles (NP) necessary for modern technologies. LAL is not fully understood. Deep understanding is necessary to optimize processes and decrease high price of the LAL NPs. Today there are two groups of studies: in one of them scientists go from analyzing of bubble dynamics (thus they proceed from the late stages), while in another one scientists investigate early stages of ablation. In the present paper we consider the process as whole: from ablation and up to formation of a bubble and its inflation. Thus we cover extremely wide range of spatiotemporal scales. We consider role of absorbed energy and duration of pulse (femtosecond, multi-picosecond, nanosecond). Importance of supercritical states is emphasized. Diffusive atomic and hydrodynamic mixing due to Rayleigh-Taylor instability and their mutual interdependence are described. Liquid near contact with metal is heated by dissipation in strong shock and due to small but finite heat conduction in liquid; metal absorbing laser energy is hot and thus it serves as a heater for liquid. Spatial expansion and cooling of atomically mixed liquid and metal causes condensation of metal into NPs when pressure drops below critical pressure for metal. Development of bubble takes place during the next stages of decrease of pressure below critical parameters for liquid and below ambient pressure in liquid. Thin hot layer of liquid near contact expands in volume to many orders of magnitude filling the inflating bubble.