Multi-parameter estimation with multi-mode Ramsey interferometry

Abstract: Estimating multiple parameters simultaneously is of great importance to measurement science and application. For a single parameter, atomic Ramsey interferometry (or equivalently optical Mach-Zehnder interferometry) is capable of providing the precision at the standard quantum limit (SQL) using unentangled probe states as input. In such an interferometer, the first beam splitter represented by unitary transformation $U$ generates a quantum phase sensing superposition state, while the second beam splitter $U^{-1}$ recombines the phase encoded paths to realize interferometric sensing in terms of population measurements. We prove that such an interferometric scheme can be directly generalized to estimation of multiple parameters (associated with commuting generators) to the SQL precision using multi-mode unentangled states, if (but not iff) $U$ is orthogonal, i.e. a unitary transformation with only real matrix elements. We show that such a $U$ can always be constructed experimentally in a simple and scalable manner. The effects of particle number fluctuation and detection noise on such multi-mode interferometry are considered. Our findings offer a simple solution for estimating multiple parameters corresponding to mutually commuting generators.