On the geometry outside of acoustic black holes in $2+1$-dimensional spacetime

Abstract: Analogue black holes, which can mimic the kinetic aspects of real black holes, have been proposed for many years. The growth of the radial momentum of test particles toward the acoustic horizon is calculated for acoustic black holes in flat and curved spacetimes. Surprisingly, for a freely infalling vortex approaching the acoustic black hole, the Lyapunov exponent of the growth of the momentum at the horizon saturates the chaos bound $\Lambda_{\rm Lyapunov}\leq 2 \pi T$. We investigate the orbits of test vortices and sound wave rays in the $2+1$-dimensional "curved" spacetime of an acoustic black hole. We show that the vortices orbit, the sound wave orbit, and the time delay of sound are similar to those famous effects of general relativity. These effects can be verified experimentally in future experiments.