Gaia: the Galaxy in six (and more) dimensions

Abstract: The ESA cornerstone mission Gaia was successfully launched in 2013, and is now scanning the sky to accurately measure the positions and motions of about two billion point-like sources of 3<V<20.5 mag, with the main goal of reconstructing the 6D phase space structure of the Milky Way. The typical uncertainties in the astrometry will be in the range 30-500 muas. The sky will be repeatedly scanned (70 times on average) for five years or more, adding the time dimension, and the Gaia data are complemented by mmag photometry in three broad bands, plus line-of-sight velocities from medium resolution spectroscopy for brighter stars. This impressive dataset is having a large impact on various areas of astrophysics, from solar system objects to distant quasars, from nearby stars to unresolved galaxies, from binaries and extrasolar planets to light bending experiments. This invited review paper presents an overview of the Gaia mission and describes why, to reach the goal performances in astrometry and to adequately map the Milky Way kinematics, Gaia was also equipped with state-of-the-art photometers and spectrographs, enabling us to explore much more than the 6D phase-space of positions and velocities. Scientific highlights of the first two Gaia data releases are briefly presented.