Minimal varieties of associative algebras and transcendental series

Abstract: A variety of associative algebras over a field of characteristic 0 is called minimal if its codimension sequence grows much faster than the codimension sequence of any of its proper subvarieties. By the results of Giambruno and Zaicev it follows that the number $b_n$ of minimal varieties of given exponent $n$ is finite. Using methods of the theory of colored (or weighted) compositions of integers, we show that the limit $\beta=\lim_{n\to\infty}\sqrt[n]{b_n}$ exists and can be expressed as the positive solution of an equation $a(t)=0$ where $a(t)$ is an explicitly given power series. Similar results are obtained for the number of minimal varieties with a given Gelfand-Kirillov dimension of their relatively free algebras of rank $d$. It follows from classical results on lacunary power series that the generating function of the sequence $b_n$, $n=1,2,\ldots$, is transcendental. With the same approach we construct examples of free graded semigroups $\langle Y\rangle$ with the following property. If $d_n$ is the number of elements of degree $n$ of $\langle Y\rangle$, then the limit $\delta=\lim_{n\to\infty}\sqrt[n]{d_n}$ exists and is transcendental.