Eigenrays in 3D heterogeneous anisotropic media: Part IV -- Geometric spreading from traveltime Hessian

Abstract: Considering 3D heterogeneous anisotropic media, in Part III of this study we obtain the finite-element solution for the stationary ray path between two fixed endpoints using the finite element approach. It involves computation of the global (all-node) traveltime gradient vector and Hessian matrix, with respect to the nodal location and direction components. The global traveltime Hessian of the resolved stationary ray also plays an important role for obtaining the dynamic characteristics along the ray. It is a band matrix that includes the spatial, directional and mixed second derivatives of the traveltime at all nodes and nodal pairs. In Parts V, VI and VII of this study we explicitly use the global traveltime Hessian for solving the dynamic ray tracing equation, to obtain the geometric spreading at each point along the ray. Moreover, the dynamic ray tracing makes it possible to identify/classify caustics along the ray. In this part (Part IV) we propose an original two-stage approach for computing the relative geometric spreading of the entire ray path without explicitly performing the dynamic ray tracing. The first stage consists of an efficient algorithm for reducing the already computed global traveltime Hessian into a endpoint spatial traveltime Hessian. The second stage involves application of a known workflow for computing the geometrical spreading using the endpoint traveltime Hessian. Note that the method proposed in this part (Part IV) does not deliver information about caustics, nor the geometric spreading at intermediate points of the stationary ray path. Throughout the examples presented in Part VII we demonstrate the accuracy of the method proposed in this part over a set of isotropic and anisotropic examples by comparing the geometric spreading computed from this method based on the traveltime Hessian reduction with the one computed from the dynamic ray tracing.