LiDAR-Based Navigation of Tethered Drone Formations in an Unknown Environment

Abstract: The problem of navigating a formation of interconnected tethered drones, named STEM (System of TEthered Multicopters), in an unknown environment is considered. The tethers feed electrical power from a ground station to the drones and also serve as communication links. The presence of more than one interconnected drone provides enough degrees of freedom to navigate in a cluttered area. The leader drone in the formation must reach a given point of interest, while the followers must move accordingly, avoiding interference with the obstacles. The challenges are the uncertainty in the environment, with obstacles of unknown shape and position, the use of LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) sensors, providing only partial information of the surroundings of each drone, and the presence of the tethers, which must not impact with the obstacles and pose additional constraints to how the drones can move. To cope with these problems, a novel real-time planning algorithm based on numerical optimization is proposed: the reference position of each drone is chosen in a centralized way via a convex program, where the LiDAR scans are used to approximate the free space and the drones are moved towards suitably defined intermediate goals in order to eventually reach the point of interest. The approach is successfully tested in numerical simulations with a realistic model of the system.