Dilute concentrations of submicron particles do not alter the brittle fracture of polyacrylamide hydrogels

Abstract: In studies of the dynamic failure of brittle hydrogels, a bound has been placed on the process zone scale - the scale where material separation and ultimate failure occur. For the polyacrylamide hydrogel system under study, this bound is set at 20 microns. Thus, any subtle alterations to the material at a \emph{smaller} scale should not in principle alter the dynamic fracture response of the hydrogel. Here we test this directly by embedding sub-micron-scale latex polystyrene microspheres within the brittle polyacrylamide hydrogel at a solids fraction of 0.1 \%. We verify that the spheres are well-distributed throughout the hydrogel material at this concentration with optical microscopy, and reconstruct the 3D distribution of these spheres using laser scanning confocal microscopy in backscatter mode. Finally, we test the fracture behavior of this gel with the dilute, embedded sub-micron spheres, and find that the brittle material failure modality common to this material \emph{without} the sub-micron spheres is indeed retained. By comparing the crack tip opening displacement, fracture energy and the crack's speed with established data from prior experimental work, we demonstrate that this material's failure is brittle, as it is in good agreement with the pure hydrogel system.