Efficient, arbitrarily high precision hardware logarithmic arithmetic for linear algebra

Abstract: The logarithmic number system (LNS) is arguably not broadly used due to exponential circuit overheads for summation tables relative to arithmetic precision. Methods to reduce this overhead have been proposed, yet still yield designs with high chip area and power requirements. Use remains limited to lower precision or high multiply/add ratio cases, while much of linear algebra (near 1:1 multiply/add ratio) does not qualify. We present a dual-base approximate logarithmic arithmetic comparable to floating point in use, yet unlike LNS it is easily fully pipelined, extendable to arbitrary precision with $O(n^2)$ overhead, and energy efficient at a 1:1 multiply/add ratio. Compared to float32 or float64 vector inner product with FMA, our design is respectively 2.3x and 4.6x more energy efficient in 7 nm CMOS. It depends on exp and log evaluation 5.4x and 3.2x more energy efficient, at 0.23x and 0.37x the chip area for equivalent accuracy versus standard hyperbolic CORDIC using shift-and-add and approximated ODE integration in the style of Revol and Yakoubsohn. This technique is a novel design alternative for low power, high precision hardened linear algebra in computer vision, graphics and machine learning applications.