General solution of the Dirac equation with the Coulomb potential

Abstract: The Dirac equation with the Coulomb potential is studied. It is shown that there exists a new invariant in addition to the known Dirac and Johnson-Lippman ones. The solution of the Dirac equation, using the generalized invariant, and explicit expressions for the bispinors corresponding to the three sets of the invariants, their eigenvalues and quantum numbers are obtained. The general solution of the Dirac equation with the Coulomb potential is shown to contain free parameters, whose variation transforms one particular solution into any other and controls spatial electron probability amplitude and spin polarization. The electron probability densities and spin polarizations are obtained in the general form and calculated explicitly for some electron states in the hydrogen-like energy spectrum. The spatial distributions of these characteristics are shown to depend essentially on the invariant set, demonstrating physical difference of the states corresponding to different invariants.