Lattice contribution to the unconventional charge density wave transition in $2H$-NbSe$_2$: a non-equilibrium optical approach

Abstract: The complex Fermi surfaces of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) challenge the standard Peierls-instability-driven charge-density-wave (CDW) formation. Recently, evidence has been accumulating of a prominent role of ionic thermal fluctuations, which frozen out below $T_{CDW}$ inducing a periodic lattice distortion (PLD). We focus on $2H$-NbSe$2$, displaying a quasi-commensurate CDW below $T{CDW}$ $\approx$33 K, and use time-resolved optical spectroscopy (TR-OS) to detect and disentangle the electronic and lattice degrees of freedom. We reveal a fingerprint of the ordered phase at h$\nu$ $\sim$1 eV: at $T_{CDW}$, a divergent relaxation timescale and a sign-change of the differential reflectivity indicate that CDW gap opening and PLD formation occur at the same temperature. However, we show that these effects can be decoupled under moderate photoexcitation, forming a long-lived state in which the electronic order is destroyed, but the lattice distortion is not. Our results and computations suggest an unconventional CDW mechanims in $2H$-NbSe$_2$, highlighting the dominant role of the lattice in driving the ordered-phase formation.