An $L_q(L_p)$-theory for diffusion equations with space-time nonlocal operators

Abstract: We present an $L_q(L_{p})$-theory for the equation $$ \partial_{t}^{\alpha}u=\phi(\Delta) u +f, \quad t>0,\, x\in \mathbb{R}^d \quad\, ;\, u(0,\cdot)=u_0. $$ Here $p,q>1$, $\alpha\in (0,1)$, $\partial_{t}^{\alpha}$ is the Caputo fractional derivative of order $\alpha$, and $\phi$ is a Bernstein function satisfying the following: $\exists \delta_0\in (0,1]$ and $c>0$ such that \begin{equation} \label{eqn 8.17.1} c \left(\frac{R}{r}\right)^{\delta_0}\leq \frac{\phi(R)}{\phi(r)}, \qquad 0<r<R<\infty. \end{equation} We prove uniqueness and existence results in Sobolev spaces, and obtain maximal regularity results of the solution. In particular, we prove \begin{align*} | |\partial^{\alpha}_t u|+|u|+|\phi(\Delta)u||{L_q([0,T];L_p)}\leq N(|f|{L_q([0,T];L_p)}+ |u_0|{B{p,q}^{\phi,2-2/ \alpha q}}), \end{align*} where $B_{p,q}^{\phi,2-2/\alpha q}$ is a modified Besov space on $\mathbb{R}^d$ related to $\phi$. Our approach is based on BMO estimate for $p=q$ and vector-valued Calder\'on-Zygmund theorem for $p\neq q$. The Littlewood-Paley theory is also used to treat the non-zero initial data problem. Our proofs rely on the derivative estimates of the fundamental solution, which are obtained in this article based on the probability theory.