Locality and Centrality: The Variety ZG

Abstract: We study the variety ZG of monoids where the elements that belong to a group are central, i.e., commute with all other elements. We show that ZG is local, that is, the semidirect product ZG * D of ZG by definite semigroups is equal to LZG, the variety of semigroups where all local monoids are in ZG. Our main result is thus: ZG * D = LZG. We prove this result using Straubing's delay theorem, by considering paths in the category of idempotents. In the process, we obtain the characterization ZG = MNil \vee Com, and also characterize the ZG languages, i.e., the languages whose syntactic monoid is in ZG: they are precisely the languages that are finite unions of disjoint shuffles of singleton languages and regular commutative languages.