Multi-field, multi-frequency bosonic stars and a stabilization mechanism

Abstract: Scalar bosonic stars (BSs) stand out as a multi-purpose model of exotic compact objects. We enlarge the landscape of such (asymptotically flat, stationary, everywhere regular) objects by considering multiple fields (possibly) with different frequencies. This allows for new morphologies ${\it and}$ a stabilization mechanism for different sorts of unstable BSs. First, any odd number of complex fields, yields a continuous family of BSs departing from the spherical, equal frequency, $\ell-$BSs. As the simplest illustration, we construct the $\ell$ = ${\it 1}$ ${\it BSs}$ ${\it family}$, that includes several single frequency solutions, including even parity (such as spinning BSs and a toroidal, static BS) and odd parity (a dipole BS) limits. Second, these limiting solutions are dynamically unstable, but can be stabilized by a ${\it hybrid}$-$\ell$ construction: adding a sufficiently large fundamental $\ell=0$ BS of another field, with a different frequency. Evidence for this dynamical robustness is obtained by non-linear numerical simulations of the corresponding Einstein-(complex, massive) Klein-Gordon system, both in formation and evolution scenarios, and a suggestive correlation between stability and energy distribution is observed. Similarities and differences with vector BSs are anticipated.