Coordinate-free exponentials of general multivector (MV) in Cl(p,q) algebras for p+q=3

Abstract: Closed form expressions in a coordinate-free form in real Clifford geometric algebras (GAs) Cl(0,3), Cl(3,0)$, Cl(1,2) and Cl(2,1) are found for exponential function when the exponent is the most general multivector (MV). The main difficulty in solving the problem is connected with an entanglement or mixing of vector and bivector components. After disentanglement, the obtained formulas simplify to the well-known Moivre-type trigonometric/hyperbolic function for vector or bivector exponentials. The presented formulas may find wide application in solving GA differential equations, in signal processing, automatic control and robotics.