Hyperfine resolved optical spectroscopy of the A$^2Π\leftarrow $X$^2Σ^+$ transition in MgF

Abstract: We report on hyperfine-resolved laser spectroscopy of the A$^2\Pi \leftarrow $X$^2\Sigma^+$ transition of MgF, relevant for laser cooling. We recorded 25 rotational transitions with an absolute accuracy of better than 20 MHz, assigned 56 hyperfine lines and determined precise rotational, fine and hyperfine structure parameters for the A$^2\Pi$ state. The radiative lifetime of the A$^2\Pi$ state was determined to be 7.2(3) ns, in good agreement with \textit{ab initio} calculations. The transition isotope shift between bosonic isotopologues of the molecule is recorded and compared to predicted values within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. We measured the Stark effect of selected rotational lines of the A$^2\Pi \leftarrow $X$^2\Sigma^+$ transition by applying electric fields of up to 10.6 kV cm$^{-1}$ and determined the permanent electric dipole moments of $^{24}$MgF in its ground X$^2\Sigma^+$ and first excited A$^2\Pi$ states to be $\mu_X=$2.88(20) D and $\mu_A=$3.20(22) D, respectively. Based on these measurements, we caution for potential losses from the optical cycling transition, due to electric field induced parity mixing in the excited state. In order to scatter $10^4$ photons, the electric field must be controlled to below 1 V cm$^{-1}$.