Effect of evolutionary physical constants on type-1a supernova luminosity

Abstract: Type 1a supernovae, SNeIa, are used as standard candles in cosmology for determining the distances of the galaxies harboring them. We show that the luminosity of an SNIa depends on its distance from us when physical constants (the speed of light $c$, the gravitational constant $G$, and the Planck constant $h$) are permitted to evolve. It is because the Chandrasekhar mass of the white dwarf that explodes to create SNIa depends on the values of the constants at the epoch the SNIa is formed. We show that the SNeIa luminosities were up to about four times higher in the past than they are now. Thus, the luminosity distance estimation of the earliest SNeIa could be off by up to a factor of two. Cosmological parameters, determined with this correction applied to the redshift vs. distance modulus database (Pantheon SNeIa), are not very different from those from the standard $\Lambda $CDM model without this correction, except for the dark-energy density and the curvature energy density; the latter increases at the cost of the former. Variations of the constants are given by $\dot{G}/G=3.90(\pm 0.04)\times 10^{-10} yr^{-1} $ and $\dot{c}/c=\dot{h}/h=1.30(\pm 0.01)\times 10^{-10} yr^{-1} $ at present. These variations are valid only when $G$, $c$, and $h$ are permitted to vary concurrently rather than individually.