The Lambda Number of the Power Graph of Finite Simple Groups

Abstract: For a finite group $G$, the power graph $\Gamma_G$ is a graph whose set of vertices is equal to $G$ and two distinct elements of $G$ are adjacent if and only if one of them is a positive integer power of the other. An $L(2,1)$-labelling of $\Gamma_G$ is an integer-valued function defined on $G$ so that the distance between the images of two adjacent vertices (resp. vertices with distance two) are at least two (resp. at least one). The lambda number $\lambda(G)$ is defined to be the least difference between the largest and the smallest integer values assigned to the vertices of $\Gamma_G$ for all possible $L(2,1)$-labellings of $\Gamma_G$. It is known that $\lambda(G) \geq |G|$. In this paper, we prove that if $G$ is a finite simple group, then $\lambda(G) = |G|$ except when $G$ is cyclic of prime order. This settles a partial classification of finite groups $G$ that achieve the lower bound on of lambda number.